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SAS (Statistical Analysis System)

SAS began its company life in 1976 and was called SAS Institute because the name SAS (by itself) was already taken by another incorporated company. SAS (pronounced sass) was an acronym for "Statistical Analysis System."

SAS is the market leader in providing a new generation of business intelligence software and services that create true enterprise intelligence. SAS solutions are used at more than 39,000 sites -- including 90% of the Fortune 500 -- to develop more profitable relationships with customers and suppliers; to enable better, more accurate and informed decisions; and to drive organizations forward. SAS is the only vendor that completely integrates leading data warehousing, analytics and traditional BI applications to create intelligence from massive amounts of data. For more than 25 years, SAS has been giving customers around the world

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Getting Started Using SAS

What is SAS

Give some Sas Functions

What is SAS?

SAS is an application which offers an array of tools that

users can use to uncover and analyze information. SAS

can produce simple reports to complicated Web input

forms; it has data warehousing capabilities and

analytical applications. SAS has users in government,

education, utility companies, business and financial

management, and the healthcare industry.

SAS is offered over numerous platforms and offers a is offered over numerous platforms and offers a multitude of products. In our office we primarily use

Base SAS and SAS Graph in version 9.

CEIL Function

Returns the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to the argument, fuzzed to avoid unexpected floating-point results  Ex:
var1=2.1;
a=ceil(var1);
put a;

3
b=ceil(-2.4);
put b;
-2

CEXIST Function
Verifies the existence of a SAS catalog or SAS catalog entry
Examples

Example 1: Verifying the Existence of an Entry in a Catalog
This example verifies the existence of the entry X.PROGRAM in LIB.CAT1:
data _null_;
   if cexist("lib.cat1.x.program") then
   put "Entry X.PROGRAM exists";
run;

Example 2: Determining if a Catalog Can Be Opened for Update
This example tests whether the catalog LIB.CAT1 exists and can be opened for update. If the catalog does not exist, a message is written to the SAS log. Note that in a macro statement you do not enclose character strings in quotation marks.
%if %sysfunc(cexist(lib.cat1,u)) %then
   %put The catalog LIB.CAT1 exists and can be opened for update.;
%else
   %put %sysfunc(sysmsg());

CHOOSEC Function

Returns a character value that represents the results of choosing from a list of arguments

Ex:

data temp;
input id name $ name2 $;
cards;
1 sekar ram
2 ram sekar
3 rahul dravid
;
run;

data _null_;
set temp;
x=choosec(1,name,name2);
put x=;
run;

output:

x=sekar
x=ram
x=rahul

data _null_;
   Fruit=choosec(1,'apple','orange','pear','fig');
   Color=choosec(3,'red','blue','green','yellow');
   Planet=choosec(2,'Mars','Mercury','Uranus');
   Sport=choosec(-3,'soccer','baseball','gymnastics','skiing');
   put Fruit= Color= Planet= Sport=;
run;
SAS writes the following line to the log:
Fruit=apple Color=green Planet=Mercury Sport=baseball
CHOOSEN Function

Returns a numeric value that represents the results of choosing from a list of arguments
Syntax

CHOOSEN (index-expression, selection-1 <,...selection-n>)

Arguments
index-expression
specifies a numeric expression.
selection
specifies a numeric expression that is returned.

Details
The CHOOSEN function uses the value of index-expression to select from the arguments that follow. For example, if index-expression is 3, CHOOSEN returns the value of selection-3. If the first argument is negative, the function counts backwards from the list of arguments, and returns that value.

Comparisons
The CHOOSEN function is similar to the CHOOSEC function except that CHOOSEN returns a numeric value while CHOOSEC returns a character value.

Examples
The following example shows how CHOOSEN chooses from a series of values:
data _null_;
   ItemNumber=choosen(5,100,50,3784,498,679);
   Rank=choosen(-2,1,2,3,4,5);
   Score=choosen(3,193,627,33,290,5);
   Value=choosen(-5,-37,82985,-991,3,1014,-325,3,54,-618);
   put ItemNumber= Rank= Score= Value=;
run;
SAS writes the following line to the log:
ItemNumber=679 Rank=4 Score=33 Value=1014

COMPARE Function

Returns the position of the leftmost character by which two strings differ, or returns 0 if there is no difference

Syntax

COMPARE(string-1, string-2<,modifiers>)

Arguments
string-1
specifies a character constant, variable, or expression.
string-2
specifies a character constant, variable, or expression.
modifiers
specifies a character string that can modify the action of the COMPARE function. You can use one or more of the following characters as a valid modifier:
i or I
ignores the case in string-1 and string-2.
l or L
removes leading blanks in string-1 and string-2 before comparing the values.
n or N
removes quotation marks from any argument that is an n-literal and ignores the case of string-1 and string-2.
: (colon)
truncates the longer of string-1 or string-2 to the length of the shorter string, or to one, whichever is greater. If you do not specify this modifier, the shorter string is padded with blanks to the same length as the longer string.

TIP:
COMPARE ignores blanks that are used as modifiers.

Details
The order in which the modifiers appear in the COMPARE function is relevant.
·    "LN" first removes leading blanks from each string, and then removes quotation marks from n-literals.
·    "NL" first removes quotation marks from n-literals, and then removes leading blanks from each string.
In the COMPARE function, if string-1 and string-2 do not differ, COMPARE returns a value of zero. If the arguments differ
·    the sign of the result is negative if string-1 precedes string-2 in a sort sequence, and positive if string-1 follows string-2 in a sort sequence
·    the magnitude of the result is equal to the position of the leftmost character at which the strings differ.

Ex:
options pageno=1 nodate ls=80 ps=60;

data test;
   infile datalines missover;
   input string1 $char8. string2 $char8. modifiers $char8.;
   result=compare(string1, string2, modifiers);
   datalines;
1234567812345678
123     abc
abc     abx
xyz     abcdef
aBc     abc
aBc     AbC     i
   abc abc
   abc abc    l
abc       abx
abc       abx l
ABC     'abc'n
ABC     'abc'n n
'$12'n $12     n
'$12'n $12     nl
'$12'n $12     ln
;

proc print data=test;
run;
The following output shows

COMPBL Function

Removes multiple blanks from a character string and single blanks.
Syntax

COMPBL(source)

Arguments
source
specifies the source string to compress.

Details
If the COMPBL function returns a value to a variable that has not yet been assigned a length, by default the variable length is determined by the length of the first argument.
The COMPBL function removes multiple blanks in a character string by translating each occurrence of two or more consecutive blanks into a single blank.
The default length of the value that COMPBL returns is the same as the length of the argument.

Comparisons
The COMPRESS function removes every occurrence of the specific character from a string. If you specify a blank as the character to remove from the source string, the COMPRESS function is similar to the COMPBL function. However, the COMPRESS function removes all blanks from the source string, while the COMPBL function compresses multiple blanks to a single blank and has no affect on a single blank.

CAT Function

Concatenates character strings without removing leading or trailing blanks Ex:
CAT(OF X1-X4)
X1||X2||X3||X4

CATS Function

Concatenates character strings and removes leading and trailing blanks Ex:
CATS(OF X1-X4)
TRIM(LEFT(X1))||TRIM(LEFT(X2))||TRIM(LEFT(X3))||
TRIM(LEFT(X4))

CATX Function

Concatenates character strings, removes leading and trailing blanks, and inserts separators
CATX(SP, OF X1-X4)
TRIM(LEFT(X1))||SP||TRIM(LEFT(X2))||SP||
TRIM(LEFT(X3))||SP||TRIM(LEFT(X4))

CATT Function

Concatenates character strings and removes trailing blanks
CATT(OF X1-X4)
TRIM(X1)||TRIM(X2)||TRIM(X3)||TRIM(X4)

COMPOUND Function

Returns compound interest parameters
Ex: future=compound(2000,.,0.09/12,30);

COUNT Function

Counts the number of times that a specific sub string of characters appears within a character string that you specify  Counts only the specific string mentioned in string. COUNT(string,substring<,modifiers>)     Modifiers
is a character constant, variable, or expression that specifies one or more modifiers. The following modifiers can be in uppercase or lowercase:
i
ignores character case during the count. If this modifier is not specified, COUNT only counts character substrings with the same case as the characters in substring.
t
trims trailing blanks from string and substring.

Ex:

SAS Statements
Results
xyz='This is a thistle? Yes, this is a thistle.';
howmanythis=count(xyz,'this');
put howmanythis;

3
xyz='This is a thistle? Yes, this is a thistle.';
howmanyis=count(xyz,'is');
put howmanyis;

6
howmanythis_i=count('This is a thistle? Yes, this is a thistle.'
   ,'this','i');
put howmanythis_i;

4
variable1='This is a thistle? Yes, this is a thistle.';
variable2='is ';
variable3='i';
howmanyis_i=count(variable1,variable2,variable3);
put howmanyis_i;

4
expression1='This is a thistle? '||'Yes, this is a thistle.';
expression2=kscan('This is',2)||'     ';
expression3=compress('i     '||'     t');
howmanyis_it=count(expression1,expression2,expression3);
put howmanyis_it;

6

COUNTC Function

Counts the number of specific characters that either appear or do not appear within a character string that you specify Understanding: It counts the each character occurrence from the specified string.

Syntax

COUNTC(string,characters<,modifiers>)
  modifiers
is a character constant, variable, or expression that specifies one or more modifiers. The following modifiers can be in uppercase or lowercase:
i
ignores character case during the count. If this modifier is not specified, COUNTC only counts characters with the same case as the characters in characters.
o
processes characters and modifiers only once, at the first call to this instance of COUNTC. Consequently, if you change the value of characters or modifiers in subsequent calls, the change is ignored by COUNTC.
t
trims trailing blanks from string and characters.
v
counts only the characters that do not appear in characters.

CUROBS Function

Returns the observation number of the current observation
Syntax

CUROBS(data-set-id)
Arguments
data-set-id
specifies the data set identifier that the OPEN function returns.

Examples
This example uses the FETCHOBS function to fetch the tenth observation in the data set MYDATA. The value of OBSNUM returned by CUROBS is 10.
%let dsid=%sysfunc(open(mydata,i));
%let rc=%sysfunc(fetchobs(&dsid,10));
%let obsnum=%sysfunc(curobs(&dsid));

DATDIF Function

Returns the number of days between two dates
Syntax

DATDIF(sdate,edate,basis)

Arguments
sdate
specifies a SAS date value that identifies the starting date.
edate
specifies a SAS date value that identifies the ending date.
basis
identifies a character constant or variable that describes how SAS calculates the date difference. The following character strings are valid:
'30/360'
specifies a 30 day month and a 360 day year. Each month is considered to have 30 days, and each year 360 days, regardless of the actual number of days in each month or year.
Alias:
'360'
Tip: If either date falls at the end of a month, SAS treats the date as if it were the last day of a 30-day month.
'ACT/ACT'
uses the actual number of days between dates.
Examples
In the following example, DATDIF returns the actual number of days between two dates, and the number of days based on a 30-month and 360-day year.
data _null;
   sdate='16oct78'd;
   edate='16feb96'd;
   actual=datdif(sdate, edate, 'act/act');
   days360=datdif(sdate, edate, '30/360');
   put actual= days360=;
run;
SAS Statements
Results
put actual=;
6332
put days360=;
6240
DATE Function

Returns the current date as a SAS date value
Category:
Date and Time
Alias: TODAY

DATEJUL Function:
Converts a Julian date to a SAS date value
Syntax:
DATEJUL(julian-date)

Arguments
julian-date
specifies a SAS numeric expression that represents a Julian date. A Julian date in SAS is a date in the form yyddd or yyyyddd, where yy or yyyy is a two-digit or four-digit integer that represents the year and ddd is the number of the day of the year. The value of ddd must be between 1 and 365 (or 366 for a leap year).

Xstart=datejul(94365); // 94 and 365^th day.
put Xstart / Xstart date9.;

Output is:

12783
31DEC1994

DATEPART Function

Extracts the date from a SAS date time value.
Syntax:
DATEPART (datetime)

Examples

The following SAS statements produce this result:
conn='01feb94:8:45'dt;
servdate=datepart(conn);
put servdate worddate.;

o/p:

February 1, 1994

DATETIME Function:

Returns the current date and time of day as a SAS datetime value

Examples
This example returns a SAS value that represents the number of seconds between January 1, 1960 and the current time:
when=datetime();
put when=;
o/p is current date time.

DAY Function

Returns the day of the month from a SAS date value
Syntax
DAY(date)
now='05may97'd;
d=day(now);
put d;

o/p is :5
DCLOSE Function: Closes a directory that was opened by the DOPEN function
Syntax
DCLOSE (directory-id)

Details
DCLOSE returns 0 if the operation was successful, 0 if it was not successful. The DCLOSE function closes a directory that was previously opened by the DOPEN function. DCLOSE also closes any open members.
This example uses the DCLOSE function within a DATA step:
%let filrf=MYDIR;
data _null_;
rc=filename("&filrf","physical-filename");
if fileref("&filrf") = 0 then
     do;
           /* Open the directory. */
        did=dopen("&filrf");
           /* Get the member count. */
        memcount=dnum(did);
        put memcount "members in &filrf";
           /* Close the directory. */
        rc=dclose(did);
     end;
else put "Invalid FILEREF";
run;

DCREATE Function:

Creates an external directory.
Syntax
new-directory=DCREATE(directory-name<,parent-directory>)
Argumentsnew-directory
contains the complete pathname of the new directory, or contains an empty string if the directory cannot be created.
directory-name
specifies the name of the directory to create. This value cannot include a pathname.
parent-directory
contains the complete pathname of the directory in which to create the new directory. If you do not supply a value for parent-directory, then the current directory is the parent directory.
Example:
To create a new directory in the Windows operating environment, using the name that is stored in the variable DirectoryName, follow this form:
NewDirectory=dcreate(DirectoryName,'d:\testdir\');

DHMS Function
·         Returns the date time value from date, hour, minute, and second. Syntax:
DHMS (date, hour, minute, second)
Ex: dtid=dhms('01jan03'd,15,30,15);
put dtid;
put dtid datetime.;
O/p: 1357054215
01JAN03:15:30:15
DIF Function
Returns differences between the argument and its nth lag

Syntax
DIF<n>(argument)

Arguments
n
specifies the number of lags.
Argument

is numeric.
This example demonstrates the difference between the LAG and DIF functions.
data two;
   input X @@;
   Z=lag(x);
   D=dif(x);
   datalines;
1 2 6 4 7
;
proc print data=two;
run;

o/p

                                                        Obs    X    Z     D

                                                         1     1    .     .
                                                         2     2    1     1
                                                         3     6    2     4
                                                         4     4    6    -2
                                                         5     7    4     3
data two;
   input X @@;
   Z=lag2(x);
   D=dif2(x);
   datalines;
1 2 6 4 7
;
proc print data=two;
run;

o/p:

                                             Obs    X    Z    D

                                                          1     1    .    .
                                                          2     2    .    .
                                                          3     6   1    5
                                                          4     4    2    2
                                                          5     7    6    1

DIM Function

Returns the number of elements in an array

Syntax
DIM<n>(array-name)
DIM(array-name,bound-n)

Example 1: One-dimensional Array
In this example, DIM returns a value of 5. Therefore, SAS repeats the statements in the DO loop five times.
   array big{5} weight sex height state city;
   do i=1 to dim(big);
     more SAS statements;
   end;

Example 2: Multidimensional Array
This example shows two ways of specifying the DIM function for multidimensional arrays. Both methods return the same value for DIM, as shown in the table that follows the SAS code example.
   array mult{5,10,2} mult1-mult100;
Syntax
Alternative Syntax Value
DIM(MULT) DIM(MULT,1) 5
DIM2(MULT) DIM(MULT,2) 10
DIM3(MULT) DIM(MULT,3) 2

Arithmetic Functions

ABS(argument)	returns absolute value
DIM<n>(array-name)	returns the number of elements in a one-dimensional array or the number of elements in a specified dimension of a multidimensional array. n specifies the dimension, in a multidimensional array, for which you want to know the the number of elements.
DIM(array-name,bound-n)	returns the number of elements in a one-dimensional array or the number of elements in the specified dimension of a multidimensional array bound-n specifies the dimension in a multidimensional array, for which you want to know the number of elements.
HBOUND<n>(array-name)	returns the upper bound of an array
HBOUND(array-name,bound-n)	returns the upper bound of an array
LBOUND<n>(array-name)	returns the lower bound of an array
LBOUND(array-name,bound-n)	returns the lower bound of an array
MAX(argument,argument, ...)	returns the largest value of the numeric arguments
MIN(argument,argument, ...)	returns the smallest value of the numeric arguments
MOD(argument-1, argument-2)	returns the remainder
SIGN(argument)	returns the sign of a value or 0
SQRT(argument)	returns the square root

Character Functions

BYTE(n)	returns one character in the ASCII or EBCDIC collating sequence where nis an integer representing a specific ASCII or EBCDIC character
COLLATE(start-position<,end-position>) \| (start-position<,,length>)	returns an ASCII or EBCDIC collating sequence character string
COMPBL(source)	removes multiple blanks between words in a character string
COMPRESS(source<,characters-to-remove>)	removes specific characters from a character string
DEQUOTE(argument)	removes quotation marks from a character value
INDEX(source,excerpt)	searches the source for the character string specified by the excerpt
INDEXC(source,excerpt-1<, ... excerpt-n>)	searches the source for any character present in the excerpt
INDEXW(source,excerpt)	searches the source for a specified pattern as a word
LEFT(argument)	left-aligns a SAS character string
LENGTH(argument)	returns the length of an argument
LOWCASE(argument)	converts all letters in an argument to lowercase
QUOTE(argument)	adds double quotation marks to a character value
RANK(x)	returns the position of a character in the ASCII or EBCDIC collating sequence
REPEAT(argument,n)	repeats a character expression
REVERSE(argument)	reverses a character expression
RIGHT(argument)	right-aligns a character expression
SCAN(argument,n<,delimiters>)	returns a given word from a character expression
SOUNDEX(argument)	encodes a string to facilitate searching
SUBSTR(argument,position<,n>)=characters-to-replace	replaces character value contents
var=SUBSTR(argument,position<,n>)	extracts a substring from an argument. (var is any valid SAS variable name.)
TRANSLATE(source,to-1,from-1<,...to-n,from-n>)	replaces specific characters in a character expression
TRANWRD(source,target,replacement)	replaces or removes all occurrences of a word in a character string
TRIM(argument)	removes trailing blanks from character expression and returns one blank if the expression is missing
TRIMN(argument)	removes trailing blanks from character expressions and returns a null string if the expression is missing
UPCASE(argument)	converts all letters in an argument to uppercase
VERIFY(source,excerpt-1<,...excerpt-n)	returns the position of the first character unique to an expression

Date and Time Functions

DATDIF(sdate,edate,basis)	returns the number of days between two dates
DATE()	returns the current date as a SAS date value
DATEJUL(julian-date)	converts a Julian date to a SAS date value
DATEPART(datetime)	extracts the date from a SAS datetime value
DATETIME()	returns the current date and time of day
DAY(date)	returns the day of the month from a SAS date value
DHMS(date,hour,minute,second)	returns a SAS datetime value from date, hour, minute, and second
HMS(hour,minute,second)	returns a SAS time value from hour, minute, and second
HOUR(<time \| datetime>)	returns the hour from a SAS time or datetime value
INTCK('interval',from,to)	returns the number of time intervals in a given time span
INTNX('interval',start-from,increment<,'alignment'>)	advances a date, time, or datetime value by a given interval, and returns a date, time, or datetime value
JULDATE(date)	returns the Julian date from a SAS date value
MDY(month,day,year)	returns a SAS date value from month, day, and year values
MINUTE(time \| datetime)	returns the minute from a SAS time or datetime value
MONTH(date)	returns the month from a SAS date value
QTR(date)	returns the quarter of the year from a SAS date value
SECOND(time \| datetime)	returns the second from a SAS time or datetime value
TIME()	returns the current time of day
TIMEPART(datetime)	extracts a time value from a SAS datetime value
TODAY()	returns the current date as a SAS date value
WEEKDAY(date)	returns the day of the week from a SAS date value
YEAR(date)	returns the year from a SAS date value
YRDIF(sdate,edate,basis)	returns the difference in years between two dates
YYQ(year,quarter)	returns a SAS date value from the year and quarter

Mathematical Functions

AIRY(x)	returns the value of the AIRY function
DAIRY(x)	returns the derivative of the AIRY function
DIGAMMA(argument)	returns the value of the DIGAMMA function
ERF(argument)	returns the value of the (normal) error function
ERFC(argument)	returns the value of the (normal) error function
EXP(argument)	returns the value of the exponential function
GAMMA(argument)	returns the value of the GAMMA function
IBESSEL(nu,x,kode)	returns the value of the modified bessel function
JBESSEL(nu,x)	returns the value of the bessel function
LGAMMA(argument)	returns the natural logarithm of the GAMMA function
LOG(argument)	returns the natural (base e) logarithm
LOG2(argument)	returns the logarithm to the base 2
LOG10(argument)	returns the logarithm to the base 10
TRIGAMMA(argument)	returns the value of the TRIGAMMA function

Noncentrality Functions

CNONCT(x,df,prob)	returns the noncentrality parameter from a chi-squared distribution
FNONCT(x,ndf,ddf,prob)	returns the value of the noncentrality parameter of an F distribution
TNONCT(x,df,prob)	returns the value of the noncentrality parameter from the student's t distribution

Probability and Density Functions

CDF('dist',quantile,parm-1,...,parm-k)	computes cumulative distribution functions
LOGPDF\|LOGPMF('dist',quantile,parm-1,...,parm-k)	computes the logarithm of a probability density (mass) function. The two functions are identical.
LOGSDF('dist',quantile,parm-1,...,parm-k)	computes the logarithm of a survival function
PDF\|PMF('dist',quantile,parm-1,...,parm-k)	computes probability density (mass) functions
POISSON(m,n)	returns the probability from a POISSON distribution
PROBBETA(x,a,b)	returns the probability from a beta distribution
PROBBNML(p,n,m)	returns the probability from a binomial distribution
PROBCHI(x,df<,nc>)	returns the probability from a chi-squared distribution
PROBF(x,ndf,ddf<,nc>)	returns the probability from an F distribution
PROBGAM(x,a)	returns the probability from a gamma distribution
PROBHYPR(N,K,n,x<,r>)	returns the probability from a hypergeometric distribution
PROBMC	probabilities and critical values (quantiles) from various distributions for multiple comparisons of the means of several groups.
PROBNEGB(p,n,m)	returns the probability from a negative binomial distribution
PROBBNRM(x,y,r)	standardized bivariate normal distribution
PROBNORM(x)	returns the probability from the standard normal distribution
PROBT(x,df<,nc>)	returns the probability from a Student's t distribution
SDF('dist',quantile,parm-1,...,parm-k)	computes a survival function

Quantile Functions

BETAINV(p,a,b)	returns a quantile from the beta distribution
CINV(p,df<,nc>)	returns a quantile from the chi-squared distribution
FINV(p,ndf,ddf<,nc>)	returns a quantile from the F distribution
GAMINV(p,a)	returns a quantile from the gamma distribution
PROBIT(p)	returns a quantile from the standard normal distribution
TINV(p,df<,nc>)	returns a quantile from the t distribution

Sample Statistics Functions

CSS(argument,argument,...)	returns the corrected sum of squares
CV(argument,argument,...)	returns the coefficient of variation
KURTOSIS(argument,argument,...)	returns the kurtosis (or 4th moment)
MAX(argument,argument, ...)	returns the largest value
MIN(argument,argument, ...)	returns the smallest value
MEAN(argument,argument, ...)	returns the arithmetic mean (average)
MISSING(numeric-expression \| character-expression)	returns a numeric result that indicates whether the argument contains a missing value
N(argument,argument, ....)	returns the number of nonmissing values
NMISS(argument,argument, ...)	returns the number of missing values
ORDINAL(count,argument,argument,...)	returns the largest value of a part of a list
RANGE(argument,argument,...)	returns the range of values
SKEWNESS(argument,argument,argument,...)	returns the skewness
STD(argument,argument,...)	returns the standard deviation
STDERR(argument,argument,...)	returns the standard error of the mean
SUM(argument,argument,...)	returns the sum
USS(argument,argument,...)	returns the uncorrected sum of squares
VAR(argument,argument,...)	returns the variance

State and ZIP Code Functions

FIPNAME(expression)

converts FIPS codes to uppercase state names

FIPNAMEL(expression)

converts FIPS codes to mixed case state names

FIPSTATE(expression)

converts FIPS codes to two-character postal codes

STFIPS(postal-code)

converts state postal codes to FIPS state codes

STNAME(postal-code)

converts state postal codes to uppercase state names

Tip:	For Version 6, the maximum length of the value that is returned is 200 characters. For Version 7 and beyond, the maximum length is 20 characters.

STNAMEL(postal-code)

converts state postal codes to mixed case state names

Tip:	For Version 6, the maximum length of the value that is returned is 200 characters. For Version 7 and beyond, the maximum length is 20 characters.

ZIPFIPS(zip-code)

converts ZIP codes to FIPS state codes

ZIPNAME(zip-code)

converts ZIP codes to uppercase state names

ZIPNAMEL(zip-code)

converts ZIP codes to mixed case state names

ZIPSTATE(zip-code)

converts ZIP codes to state postal codes

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

ARCOS(argument)	returns the arccosine
ARSIN(argument)	returns the arcsine
ATAN(argument)	returns the arctangent
COS(argument)	returns the cosine
COSH(argument)	returns the hyperbolic cosine
SIN(argument)	returns the sine
SINH(argument)	returns the hyperbolic sine
TAN(argument)	returns the tangent
TANH(argument)	returns the hyperbolic tangent

Truncation Functions

CEIL(argument)	returns the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to the argument
FLOOR(argument)	returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to the argument
FUZZ(argument)	returns the nearest integer if the argument is within 1E-12
INT(argument)	returns the integer value
ROUND(argument,round-off-unit)	rounds to the nearest round-off unit
TRUNC(number, length)	truncates a numeric value to a specified length

Variable Information Functions

GETVARC(data-set-id,var-num)	returns the value of a SAS data set character variable
GETVARN(data-set-id,var-num)	returns the value of a SAS data set numeric variable
VARFMT(data-set-id,var-num)	returns the format assigned to a SAS data set variable
VARINFMT(data-set-id,var-num)	returns the informat assigned to a SAS data set variable
VARLABEL(data-set-id,var-num)	returns the label assigned to a SAS data set variable
VARLEN(data-set-id,var-num)	returns the length of a SAS data set variable
VARNAME(data-set-id,var-num)	returns the name of a SAS data set variable
VARNUM(data-set-id,var-name)	returns the number of a SAS data set variable's position in a SAS data set
VARRAY(name)	returns a value that indicates whether the specified name is an array
VARRAYX(expression)	returns a value that indicates whether the value of the specified argument is an array
VARTYPE(data-set-id,var-num)	returns the data type of a SAS data set variable
VFORMAT(var)	returns the format associated with the given variable
VFORMATD(var)	returns the format decimal value associated with the given variable
VFORMATDX(expression)	returns the format decimal value associated with the value of the specified argument
VFORMATN(var)	returns the format name associated with the given variable
VFORMATNX(expression)	returns the format name associated with the value of the specified argument
VFORMATW(var)	returns the format width associated with the given variable
VFORMATWX(expression)	returns the format width associated with the value of the specified argument
VFORMATX(expression)	returns the format associated with the value of the specified argument
VINARRAY(var)	returns a value that indicates whether the given variable is a member of an array
VINARRAYX(expression)	returns a value that indicates whether the value of the specified argument is a member of an array
VINFORMAT(var)	returns the informat associated with the given variable
VINFORMATD(var)	returns the informat decimal value associated with the given variable
VINFORMATDX(expression)	returns the informat decimal value associated with the value of the specified argument
VINFORMATN(var)	returns the informat name associated with the given variable
VINFORMATNX(expression)	returns the informat name associated with the value of the specified argument
VINFORMATW(var)	returns the informat width associated with the given variable
VINFORMATWX(expression)	returns the informat width associated with the value of the specified argument
VINFORMATX(expression)	returns the informat associated with the value of the specified argument
VLABEL(var)	returns the label associated with the given variable
VLABELX(expression)	returns the variable label for the value of a specified argument
VLENGTH(var)	returns the compile-time (allocated) size of the given variable
VLENGTHX(expression)	returns the compile-time (allocated) size for the value of the specified argument
VNAME(var)	returns the name of the given variable
VNAMEX(expression)	validates the value of the specified argument as a variable name
VTYPE(var)	returns the type (character or numeric) of the given variable
VTYPEX(expression)	returns the type (character or numeric) for the value of the specified argument

http://support.sas.com/techsup/sample/testbase.html

http://ftp.sas.com/techsup/download/sample/samp_lib/hostsampBase_SAS_Sample_Programs.html

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/seminars/SAS_arrays/movies/sas_array2.html

http://www.adras.com/deleting-macro-variables-with-the-SYMDEL-statement.t1385-199.html

http://www.utexas.edu/its/rc/answers/sas/sas1.html

http://www.dmreview.com/article_sub.cfm?articleId=1009157

http://www.ciser.cornell.edu/computing/SASQA.shtml

http://www.cpc.unc.edu/services/computer/presentations/sasclass99/keepdrop.html

http://support.sas.com/techsup/sample/base_samples.html

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/modules/labels.htm

http://www.csc.fi/cschelp/sovellukset/stat/sas/sasdoc/sashtml/ets/chap2/index.htm

http://www.tau.ac.il/cc/pages/docs/sas8/macro/zenid-61.htm

http://www.sconsig.com/

http://support.sas.com/techsup/tnote/tnote_base.html

http://www.stanford.edu/class/hrp223/

http://www.lexjansen.com/

http://help.pop.psu.edu/

http://www.prochelp.com/findanswer.htm

http://www.columbia.edu/acis/eds/stat_pak/sas/moving.sas.html

http://www.cpc.unc.edu/services/computer/presentations/sasclass99/merge.html

http://www.sas.com/technologies/architecture/

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/modules/syntax.htm

http://support.sas.com/documentation/onlinedoc/code.samples.html

http://www.lexjansen.com/cgi-bin/sugi.php?x=22&s=sugi#ad

http://www.lexjansen.com/cgi-bin/sugi.php?x=26&s=sugi

http://www.columbia.edu/acis/eds/stat_pak/sas/sas-write.html#readraw

http://support.sas.com/events/sasglobalforum/about/faq.html

http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1590473299&id=pthP0v-jh6cC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=SAS+free+books&sig=XQxb-C3gT9YYLBKjsukpd33RmIY

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/SAS/library/SASTranMan_os.html

Statistics

http://wiki.binghamton.edu/index.php/Getting_Started_with_SAS/Part_4

email@emailaddress.com

i or I	ignores the case in *string-1* and *string-2*.
l or L	removes leading blanks in *string-1* and *string-2* before comparing the values.
n or N	removes quotation marks from any argument that is an n-literal and ignores the case of *string-1* and *string-2*.
: (colon)	truncates the longer of *string-1* or *string-2* to the length of the shorter string, or to one, whichever is greater. If you do not specify this modifier, the shorter string is padded with blanks to the same length as the longer string.

i	ignores character case during the count. If this modifier is not specified, COUNT only counts character substrings with the same case as the characters in *substring*.
t	trims trailing blanks from *string* and *substring*.

i	ignores character case during the count. If this modifier is not specified, COUNTC only counts characters with the same case as the characters in *characters*.
o	processes *characters* and modifiers only once, at the first call to this instance of COUNTC. Consequently, if you change the value of *characters* or modifiers in subsequent calls, the change is ignored by COUNTC.
t	trims trailing blanks from *string* and *characters*.
v	counts only the characters that do not appear in *characters*.

Alias:	'360'
Tip:	If either date falls at the end of a month, SAS treats the date as if it were the last day of a 30-day month.

SAS Statements	Results
put actual=;	6332
put days360=;	6240

Syntax	Alternative Syntax	Value
DIM(MULT)	DIM(MULT,1)	5
DIM2(MULT)	DIM(MULT,2)	10
DIM3(MULT)	DIM(MULT,3)	2